A
Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival. Throughout the course of history, people have travelled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally compelling motivations. In the Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high government officials also travelled for pleasure. Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome. Travel, except during the Dark Ages, has continued to grow and, throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilisations and their economies.
B
Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation. The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second World War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. This growth led to the development of a major new industry: tourism. In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities but also produced a means of earning foreign exchange.
C
Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. In most industrialised countries over the past few years the fastest growth has been seen in the area of services. One of the largest segments of the service industry, although largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these countries, is travel and tourism. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions. In 1992 ‘the industry’s gross output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending. The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest employer the almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees. This industry is the world’s leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of the world’s national product and accounting for capital investment in excess of $422 billion m direct indirect and personal taxes each year. Thus, tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself.
D
However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of accommodation; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and facilities; amusements, attractions and other leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number of other enterprises. Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated. In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers. Moreover, in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or credible tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economies. However, the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic development in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities.
E
Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population. In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations and, for a significant number of other countries, it ranks second or third. For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries. In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.
Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs, A-E.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet
List of Headings
| i | Economic and social significance of tourism |
| ii | The development of mass tourism |
| iii | Travel for the wealthy |
| iv | Earning foreign exchange through tourism |
| v | Difficulty in recognising the economic effects of tourism |
| vi | The contribution of air travel to tourism |
| vii | The world impact of tourism |
| viii | The history of travel |
| Example | Answer |
| Paragraph A | viii |
Paragraph C 2
Paragraph D 3
Paragraph E 4
Question (5)
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
5 The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry.
6 Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product.
7 Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation.
8 Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain.
9 Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas.
10 It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies.
Questions 11 – 13
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
In Greece, tourism the most important 11 The travel and tourism industry in Jamaica is the major 12 The problems associated with measuring international tourism are often reflected in the measurement of 13 |
Autumn leaves
Canadian writer Jay Ingram investigates the mystery of why leaves turn red in the fall
A
One of the most captivating natural events of the year in many areas throughout North America is the turning of the leaves in the fall. The colours are magnificent, but the question of exactly why some trees turn yellow or orange, and others red or purple, is something which has long puzzled scientists.
B
Summer leaves are green because they are full of chlorophyll, the molecule that captures sunlight converts that energy into new building materials for the tree. As fall approaches in the northern hemisphere, the amount of solar energy available declines considerably. For many trees – evergreen conifers being an exception – the best strategy is to abandon photosynthesis* until the spring. So rather than maintaining the now redundant leaves throughout the winter, the tree saves its precious resources and discards them. But before letting its leaves go, the tree dismantles their chlorophyll molecules and ships their valuable nitrogen back into the twigs. As chlorophyll is depleted, other colours that have been dominated by it throughout the summer begin to be revealed. This unmasking explains the autumn colours of yellow and orange, but not the brilliant reds and purples of trees such as the maple or sumac.
C
The source of the red is widely known: it is created by anthocyanins, water-soluble plant pigments reflecting the red to blue range of the visible spectrum. They belong to a class of sugar-based chemical compounds also known as flavonoids. What’s puzzling is that anthocyanins are actually newly minted, made in the leaves at the same time as the tree is preparing to drop them. But it is hard to make sense of the manufacture of anthocyanins – why should a tree bother making new chemicals in its leaves when it’s already scrambling to withdraw and preserve the ones already there?
D
Some theories about anthocyanins have argued that they might act as a chemical defence against attacks by insects or fungi, or that they might attract fruit-eating birds or increase a leafs tolerance to freezing. However there are problems with each of these theories, including the fact that leaves are red for such a relatively short period that the expense of energy needed to manufacture the anthocyanins would outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore activity achieved.
E
It has also been proposed that trees may produce vivid red colours to convince herbivorous insects that they are healthy and robust and would be easily able to mount chemical defences against infestation. If insects paid attention to such advertisements, they might be prompted to lay their eggs on a duller, and presumably less resistant host. The flaw in this theory lies in the lack of proof to support it. No one has as yet ascertained whether more robust trees sport the brightest leaves, or whether insects make choices according to colour intensity.
F
Perhaps the most plausible suggestion as to why leaves would go to the trouble of making anthocyanins when they’re busy packing up for the winter is the theory known as the ‘light screen’ hypothesis. It sounds paradoxical, because the idea behind this hypothesis is that the red pigment is made in autumn leaves to protect chlorophyll, the light-absorbing chemical, from too much light. Why does chlorophyll need protection when it is the natural world’s supreme light absorber? Why protect chlorophyll at a time when the tree is breaking it down to salvage as much of it as possible?
G
Chlorophyll, although exquisitely evolved to capture the energy of sunlight, can sometimes be overwhelmed by it, especially in situations of drought, low temperatures, or nutrient deficiency. Moreover, the problem of oversensitivity to light is even more acute in the fall, when the leaf is busy preparing for winter by dismantling its internal machinery. The energy absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules of the unstable autumn leaf is not immediately channelled into useful products and processes, as it would be in an intact summer leaf. The weakened fall leaf then becomes vulnerable to the highly destructive effects of the oxygen created by the excited chlorophyll molecules.
H
Even if you had never suspected that this is what was going on when leaves turn red, there are clues out there. One is straightforward: on many trees, the leaves that are the reddest are those on the side of the tree which gets most sun. Not only that, but the red is brighter on the upper side of the leaf. It has also been recognised for decades that the best conditions for intense red colours are dry, sunny days and cool nights, conditions that nicely match those that make leaves susceptible to excess light. And finally, trees such as maples usually get much redder the more north you travel in the northern hemisphere. It’s colder there, they’re more stressed, their chlorophyll is more sensitive and it needs more sunblock.
I
What is still not fully understood, however, is why some trees resort to producing red pigments while others don’t bother, and simply reveal their orange or yellow hues. Do these trees have other means at their disposal to prevent overexposure to light in autumn? Their story, though not as spectacular to the eye, will surely turn out to be as subtle and as complex.
Question (14)
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-l.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-l, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 a description of the substance responsible for the red colouration of leaves
15 the reason why trees drop their leaves in autumn
16 some evidence to confirm a theory about the purpose of the red leaves
17 an explanation of the function of chlorophyll
18 a suggestion that the red colouration in leaves could serve as a warning signal
Questions 19 – 22
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
Why believe the ‘light screen’ hypothesis?● The most vividly coloured red leaves are found on the side of the tree facing the 19 ● The 20 surfaces of leaves contain the most red pigment. ● Red leaves are most abundant when daytime weather conditions are 21 and sunny. ● The intensity of the red colour of leaves increases as you go further 22 |
Question (23)
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
23 It is likely that the red pigments help to protect the leaf from freezing temperatures.
24 The ‘light screen’ hypothesis would initially seem to contradict what is known about chlorophyll.
25 Leaves which turn colours other than red are more likely to be damaged by sunlight.
Question (26)
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.
For which of the following questions does the writer offer an explanation?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Beyond the blue horizon
Questions 27 – 31
Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases, A-J, below.
Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 37-31 on your sheet.
| A | proof |
| B | plantation |
| C | harbour |
| D | bones |
| E | data |
| F | archaeological discovery |
| G | burial urn |
| H | source |
| I | animals |
| J | maps |
The Éfaté burial siteA 3,000-year-old burial ground of a seafaring people called the Lapita has been found on an abandoned 27 on the Pacific island of Efate. The cemetery, which is a significant 28 was uncovered accidentally by an agricultural worker. The Lapita explored and colonised many Pacific islands over several centuries. They took many things with them on their voyages including 29 and tools. The burial ground increases the amount of information about the Lapita available to scientists. A team of researchers, led by Matthew Spriggs from the Australian National University, are helping with the excavation of the site. Spriggs believes the 30 which was found at the site is very important since it confirms that the 31 found inside are Lapita. |
Question (32)
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.
According to the writer, there are difficulties explaining how the Lapita accomplished their journeys because
- A
- B
- C
- D
According to the sixth paragraph, what was extraordinary about the Lapita?
- A
- B
- C
- D
What does ‘This’ refer to in the seventh paragraph?
- A
- B
- C
- D
According to the eighth paragraph, how was the geography of the region significant?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Question (36)
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
36 It is now clear that the Lapita could sail into a prevailing wind.
37 Extreme climate conditions may have played a role in Lapita migration.
38 The Lapita learnt to predict the duration of El Ninos.
39 It remains unclear why the Lapita halted their expansion across the Pacific.
40 It is likely that the majority of Lapita settled on Fiji.
Answers
- 1 Answer: ii / 2 /
1. ii
Paragraph B
In this paragraph, the history of the development of the industry began during the industrial revolution with “the advent of mass tourism… in England”. The author then indicates that the creation of the commercial airline industry and the development of the jet aircraft signalled the rapid growth of international travel, which led to “the development of a major new industry: tourism”. So, the main idea of paragraph B is how mass tourism developed.
=>ANSWER: ii (The development of mass tourism)
Paragraph C 2
- 2 Answer: i / 1 /
2. i
Paragraph C
The first sentence of paragraph C is also the main idea of this paragraph: “Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance”. The writer provides many examples and facts to demonstrate that tourism is the world’s leading industrial contributor, followed by a conclusion: “tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself.” So, this paragraph emphasizes the importance of tourism in terms of economy and society.
– significance=importance
=>ANSWER: i (Economic and social significance of tourism)
Paragraph D 3
- 3 Answer: v / 5 /
3. v
Paragraph D
The first sentence of paragraph D is also its main idea. “The major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself”. This means that there is a difficulty in recognising the effects of tourism on economy, because it is diverse and fragemented, unlike industrial factories for example.
– difficulty in recognising=hidden or obscured
– effect=impact
=>ANSWER: v: Difficulty in recognising the economic effects of tourism
Paragraph E 4
- 4 Answer: vii / 7 /
4. vii
Paragraph E
In paragraph E, the author argues that “travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population…Tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations…” This means that travel and tourism have a profound impact on many countries around the world.
– world=international
=>ANSWER: vii: The world impact of tourism
Question (5)
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
5 The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry.
- 5 Answer: TRUE
5. TRUE
Question: The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry.
Keywords: largest figures, employment, tourism.
In paragraph C, the author indicates that: “The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest employer with almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees.” So, the statement is TRUE.
6 Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product.
- 6 Answer: NOT GIVEN
6. NOT GIVEN
Question: Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product.
Keywords: tourism, 6 per cent, Australian gross national product.
The information about Australian tourism or the Australian gross national productis NOT mentioned in the passage. Even the word ‘Australia’ does not appear in the passage. So, the statement is NOT GIVEN.
7 Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation.
- 7 Answer: NOT GIVEN
7. NOT GIVEN
Question: Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation.
Keywords: social impact, recreation
The social impact of tourism is mentioned in paragraph C. However, in this paragraph, whether tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation or not is not specified. So, the statement is NOT GIVEN.
8 Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain.
- 8 Answer: TRUE
8. TRUE
Question: Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain.
Keywords: two features, economic significance, difficult.
At the beginning of paragraph D, the author argues that “The major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself”. So, two features of the travel and tourism industry which are the diversity and fragmentation have hidden its economic impact. The statement is TRUE.
– economic significance=economic impact
– hide/obscure=make…difficult to ascertain
9 Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas.
- 9 Answer: NOT GIVEN
9. NOT GIVEN
Question: Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas.
Keywords: visitor spending, greater, resident spending.
There is no specific information about either visitor spending or resident spending in the text. So, the statement is NOT GIVEN.
10 It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies.
- 10 Answer: FALSE
10. FALSE
Question: It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies.
Keywords: easy, statistically, affect economies.
At the end of paragraph E, “However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact.” This means that it is not easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies because of problems of definition. So, the statement is FALSE.
– show statistically=provide precise, valid or reliable data
Questions 11 – 13
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
In Greece, tourism the most important 11 The travel and tourism industry in Jamaica is the major 12 The problems associated with measuring international tourism are often reflected in the measurement of 13 |
- 11 Answer: source of income / industry /11. source of income
Question: In Greece, tourism is the most important……………
Keywords: Greece, most important
Greece is mentioned in the last paragraph: “For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece…”
– the most important=major
- 12 Answer: employer12. employer
Question: The travel and tourism industry in Jamaica is the major……………
Keywords: Jamaica, the major
In the last paragraph, “the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil…Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore…”
– major=number one ranked
- 13 Answer: domestic tourism13. domestic tourism
Question: The problems associated with measuring international tourism are often reflected in the measurement of…………….
Keywords: problems, measurement of
In the last paragraph, “However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.”
– problem=difficulty
Question (14)
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-l.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-l, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 a description of the substance responsible for the red colouration of leaves
- 14 Answer: C
14. C
Question: a description of the substance responsible for the red colouration of leaves.
Keywords: substance, red colouration, leaves
We need find the paragraph which features a substance making leaves red. In paragraph C, the author argues that “The source of the red is widely known: it is created by anthocyanins, water soluble plant pigments reflecting the red to blue range of the visible spectrum”. Then, he described how this substance is created: “anthocyanins are actually newly minted, made in the leaves at the same time as the tree is preparing to drop them.”
15 the reason why trees drop their leaves in autumn
- 15 Answer: B
15. B
Question: the reason why trees drop their leaves in the autumn.
Keywords: trees drop leaves, autumn
In paragraph B, the writer indicates that “As fall approaches in the northern hemisphere, the amount of solar energy available declines considerably. For many trees-evergreen conifers being an exception-the best strategy is to abandon photosynthesis until the spring. So rather than maintaining the now redundant leaves throughout the winter, the tree saves its precious resources and discards them.”
– autumn (British English) = fall (American English)
– drop=discard
16 some evidence to confirm a theory about the purpose of the red leaves
- 16 Answer: H
16. H
Question: some evidence to confirm a theory about the purpose of the red leaves.
Keywords: a theory, purpose, red leaves.
In paragraph H: “Even if you had never suspected that this is what was going on when leaves turn red, there are clues out there.” Then, the writer provides 3 different clues explaining why leaves turn red.
– evidence=clue
17 an explanation of the function of chlorophyll
- 17 Answer: B
17. B
Question: an explanation of the function of chlorophyll.
Keywords: function, chlorophyll.
In paragraph B, the writer argues that “summer leaves are green because they are full of chlorophyll, the molecule that captures sunlight and converts that energy into new building materials for the tree.”
18 a suggestion that the red colouration in leaves could serve as a warning signal
- 18 Answer: E
18. E
Question: a suggestion that the red colouration in leaves could serve as a warning signal.
Keywords: red colouration, warning signal.
In paragraph E, “It has also been proposed that trees may produce vivid red colours to convince herbivorous insects that they are healthy and robust and would be easily able to mount chemical defences against infestation.”
Questions 19 – 22
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
Why believe the ‘light screen’ hypothesis?● The most vividly coloured red leaves are found on the side of the tree facing the 19 ● The 20 surfaces of leaves contain the most red pigment. ● Red leaves are most abundant when daytime weather conditions are 21 and sunny. ● The intensity of the red colour of leaves increases as you go further 22 |
- 19 Answer: sun light / sun /19. sun(light)
Question: The most vividly coloured red leaves are found on the side of the tree facing the…
Keywords: most vividly coloured red, side, facing
In paragraph H, the writer says that “On many trees, the leaves that are the reddest are those on the side of the tree which gets most sun.”
– the most vividly coloured red=the reddest
- 20 Answer: upper20. upper
Question: The …………. surfaces of leaves contain the most red pigment.
Keywords: surfaces, most red pigment.
In paragraph H, the writer indicates that “Not only that, but the red is brighter on the upper side of the leaf”.
– surface=side
- 21 Answer: dry21. dry
Question: Red leaves are most abundant when daytime weather conditions are………….. and sunny.
Keywords: abundant, daytime weather, sunny.
Also, in paragraph H, the writer argues that “It has been recognised for decades that the best conditions for intense red colours are dry, sunny days and cool nights…”
– most abundant=the best conditions for intense red colours
- 22 Answer: north22. north
Question: The intensity of the red colour of leaves increases as you go further…..
Keywords: red colour, increases, go further
In paragraph H, the writer says that “And finally, trees such as maples usually get much redder the more north you travel in the northern hemisphere.”
– go further=the more (north) you travel
Question (23)
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
23 It is likely that the red pigments help to protect the leaf from freezing temperatures.
- 23 Answer: FALSE
23. FALSE
Question: It is likely that the red pigments help to protect the leaf from freezing temperatures.
Keywords: red pigments, protect, freezing temperatures.
In paragraph F, the writer indicates that “It sounds paradoxical; because the idea behind this hypothesis is that the red pigment is made in autumn leaves to protect chlorophyll, the light-absorbing chemical, from too much light.” So, the statement is FALSE.
24 The ‘light screen’ hypothesis would initially seem to contradict what is known about chlorophyll.
- 24 Answer: TRUE
24. TRUE
Question: The ‘light screen’ hypothesis would initially seem to contradict what is known about chlorophyll.
Keywords: the light screen hypothesis, contradict, chlorophyll.
The ‘light screen’ hypothesis is mentioned in paragraph F. “It (The hypothesis) sounds paradoxical, because the idea behind this hypothesis is that the red pigment is made in autumn leaves to protect chlorophyll, the light-absorbing chemical, from too much light.” Then, the writer raises a question: “Why does chlorophyll need protection when it is the natural world’s supreme light absorber?” So, this is a contradiction between the ‘light screen’ hypothesis which supposes that chlorophyll is protected from too much light by the red pigment and what is known about chlorophyll (the natural world’s supreme light absorber). The statement is TRUE.
– seem to contradict=sound paradoxical
25 Leaves which turn colours other than red are more likely to be damaged by sunlight.
- 25 Answer: NOT GIVEN
25. NOT GIVEN
Question: Leaves which turn colours other than red are more likely to be damaged by sunlight.
Keywords: other than red, more likely, damaged by sunlight.
In this passage, the author does not mention whether leaves which turn colours other than red are more likely to be damaged by sunlight. In paragraph I, we read that some trees do not waste energy to produce red leaves, they simply show their natural orange or yellow colours, but no more information is given. So, the statement is NOT GIVEN.
– colours=hues
Question (26)
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.
For which of the following questions does the writer offer an explanation?
- A
- B
- C
- D
- 26 Answer: B
26. B
Question: For which of the following question does the writer offer an explanation?
A. In paragraph B, the writer indicates that “For many trees-evergreen conifers being an exceptionthe best strategy is to abandon photosynthesis until the spring”. However, he does not explain why conifers remain green throughout the winter
B. In paragraph C, the writer argues that “As chlorophyll is depleted, other colours that have been dominated by it throughout the summer begin to be revealed. This unmasking explains the autumn colours of yellow and orange…”
C. At the end of paragraph E “No one has as yet ascertained whether more robust trees sport the brightest leaves, or whether insects make choices according to colour intensity.
D. There are some theories about anthocyanins but they do not explain why anthocyanins are restricted to certain trees
Questions 27 – 31
Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases, A-J, below.
Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 37-31 on your sheet.
| A | proof |
| B | plantation |
| C | harbour |
| D | bones |
| E | data |
| F | archaeological discovery |
| G | burial urn |
| H | source |
| I | animals |
| J | maps |
The Éfaté burial siteA 3,000-year-old burial ground of a seafaring people called the Lapita has been found on an abandoned 27 on the Pacific island of Efate. The cemetery, which is a significant 28 was uncovered accidentally by an agricultural worker. The Lapita explored and colonised many Pacific islands over several centuries. They took many things with them on their voyages including 29 and tools. The burial ground increases the amount of information about the Lapita available to scientists. A team of researchers, led by Matthew Spriggs from the Australian National University, are helping with the excavation of the site. Spriggs believes the 30 which was found at the site is very important since it confirms that the 31 found inside are Lapita. |
- 27 Answer: B27. B (plantation)
Question: A 3,000-year-old burial ground of a seafaring people called the Lapita has been found on an abandoned…………… on the Pacific island of Éfaté
Keywords: 3,000-year-old burial ground, found on an abandoned, Efate
In the first paragraph, the writer says that “An agricultural worker, digging in the grounds of a derelict plantation, scraped open a grave – the first of dozens in a burial ground some 3,000 years old.”
– abandoned=derelict
- 28 Answer: F28. F (archaeological discovery)
Question: The cemetery, which is a significant………….. was uncovered accidentally by an agricultural worker.
Keywords: cemetery, significant, agricultural worker
In the first paragraph, “The site came to light only by chance. An important archaeological discovery on the island of Éfaté in the Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu has revealed traces of an ancient seafaring people, the distant ancestors of today’s Polynesians…An agricultural worker, digging in the grounds of a derelict plantation, scraped open a grave – the first of dozens in a burial ground some 3,000 years old. It is the oldest cemetery ever found in the Pacific islands…”
– cemetery=burial ground
– significant=important
– accidentally=only by chance
- 29 Answer: I29. I (animals)
Question: The Lapita explored and colonised many Pacific islands over several centuries. They took many things with them on their voyages including…………… and tools.
Keywords: The Lapita, took, voyages, including
In paragraph 2, “They were also pioneers who carried with them everything they would need to build new lives – their livestock, taro seedlings and stone tools.”
– took=carried
– animals=livestock
- 30 Answer: G30. G (burial urn)
Question: The burial ground increases the amount of information about the Lapita available to scientists. A team of researchers, led by Matthew Spriggs from the Australian National University, are helping with the excavation of the site. Spriggs believes the 30………….. which was found at the site is very important since it confirms that the 31…………… found inside are Lapita.
Keywords: Matthew Spriggs, important, inside
In paragraph 3, the writer says that “Other items included a Lapita burial urn with modeled birds arranged on the rim as though peering down at the human remains sealed inside. ‘It’s an important discovery, says Matthew Spriggs, ….’ for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.
– bones=remains
- 31 Answer: D31. D (bones)
Question: The burial ground increases the amount of information about the Lapita available to scientists. A team of researchers, led by Matthew Spriggs from the Australian National University, are helping with the excavation of the site. Spriggs believes the 30………….. which was found at the site is very important since it confirms that the 31…………… found inside are Lapita.
Keywords: Matthew Spriggs, important, inside
In paragraph 3, the writer says that “Other items included a Lapita burial urn with modeled birds arranged on the rim as though peering down at the human remains sealed inside. ‘It’s an important discovery, says Matthew Spriggs, ….’ for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.
– bones=remains
Question (32)
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.
According to the writer, there are difficulties explaining how the Lapita accomplished their journeys because
- A
- B
- C
- D
- 32 Answer: C
32. C
Question: According to the writer, there are difficulties explaining how the Lapita accomplished their journeys because
Keywords: difficulties, the Lapita, journeys, because
In paragraph 5, the writer indicates that “There is one stubborn question for which archaeology has yet to provide any answers: how did the Lapita accomplish the ancient equivalent of a moon landing, many times over? No-one has found one of their canoes or any rigging, which could reveal how the canoes were sailed. Nor do the oral histories and traditions of later Polynesians offer any insights, for they turn into myths long before they reach as far back in time as the Lapita.” This means that in this period, all the information relating to their accomplishments could not be verified.
=> ANSWER: C (Little information relating to this period can be relied upon for accuracy)
According to the sixth paragraph, what was extraordinary about the Lapita?
- A
- B
- C
- D
- 33 Answer: A
33. A
Question: According to the sixth paragraph, what was extraordinary about the Lapita?
Keywords: extraordinary, the Lapita
In paragraph 6, the writer says that “The real adventure didn’t begin, however, until their Lapita descendants sailed out of sight of land, with empty horizons on every side. This must have been as difficult for them as landing on the moon for us today.” This means that sailing out of sight of land is extraordinary for the Lapita.
– Beyond the point where land is visible=out of sight of land.
=>ANSWER: A (They sailed beyond the point where land is visible)
What does ‘This’ refer to in the seventh paragraph?
- A
- B
- C
- D
- 34 Answer: D
34. D
Question: What does ‘this’ refer to in the seventh paragraph?
In paragraph 7, “They could sail out for days into the unknown and assess the area, secure in the knowledge that if they didn’t find anything, they could turn about and catch a swift ride back on the trade winds. This is what would have made the whole thing work.” So, ‘this’ means the Lapita believed that if they turned back, the winds would then be behind them and carry them home quickly.
=>ANSWER: D (the Lapita’s belief they would return home)
According to the eighth paragraph, how was the geography of the region significant?
- A
- B
- C
- D
- 35 Answer: C
35. C
Question: According to the eighth paragraph how was the geography of the region significant?
At the beginning of paragraph 8, the author indicates that “For returning explorers, successful or not, the geography of their own archipelagoes would have provided a safety net. Without this to go by, overshooting their home ports, getting lost and sailing off into eternity would have been all too easy” So, this means that the geography of the region provided a navigational aid for the Lapita.
=>ANSWER: C (It provided a navigational aid for the Lapita)
Question (36)
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
36 It is now clear that the Lapita could sail into a prevailing wind.
- 36 Answer: NO
36. NO
Question: It is now clear that the Lapita could sail into a prevailing wind.
Keywords: clear, sail into a prevailing wind
In paragraph 9, Professor Atholl Anderson says that “All this presupposes …the Lapita had mastered the advanced art of sailing against the wind. And there’s no proof they could do such thing”. This means that whether the Lapita could sail into a prevailing wind has not been verified yet. So, the statement is false.
– a prevailing wind=against the wind
37 Extreme climate conditions may have played a role in Lapita migration.
- 37 Answer: YES
37. YES
Question: Extreme climate conditions may have played a role in Lapita migration.
Keywords: extreme climate conditions, Lapita migration.
In paragraph 10, the writer indicates that “El Nino, the same climate disruption that affects the Pacific today, may have helped scatter the Lapita…climate data obtained from slow-growing corals around the Pacific indicate a series of unusually frequent El Nino around the time of the Lapita.” This means that during the time of the Lapita, a series of El Nino may have helped scatter the Lapita. So, the statement is true.
38 The Lapita learnt to predict the duration of El Ninos.
- 38 Answer: NOT GIVEN
38. NOT GIVEN
Question: The Lapita learnt to predict the duration of El Nino
Keywords: predict, duration, El Nino
El Nino is only mentioned in paragraph 10; however, in this paragraph, the writer does not say anything about the Lapita learning to predict the duration of El Nino. So, the statement is NOT GIVEN.
39 It remains unclear why the Lapita halted their expansion across the Pacific.
- 39 Answer: YES
39. YES
Question: It remains unclear why the Lapita halted their expansion across the Pacific.
Keywords: unclear, halted expansion, the Pacific.
In paragraph 11, the writer indicates that “the Lapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific, then called it quits for reasons known only to them.” This means that it remains unclear why they halted their expansion across the Pacific. So, the statement is true.
– halt = call it quits
40 It is likely that the majority of Lapita settled on Fiji.
- 40 Answer: NOT GIVEN
40. NOT GIVEN
Question: It is likely that the majority of Lapita settled on Fiji.
Keywords: the majority, Fiji.
Fiji is only mentioned in paragraph 11. At the end of paragraph 11, the writer argues that “They probably never numbered more than a few thousand in total, and in their rapid migration eastward they encountered hundreds of islands – more than 300 in Fiji alone.” The writer does not mention whether the majority of Lapita settled on Fiji. So, the statement is NOT GIVEN.
